December 2023 – Page 2

The complex legacy of Pablo Escobar: the rise and decline, part 2

The beginnings of Escobar’s drug dealing career

At the end of the 1960s, Pablo Escobar was coming into this world. This man, who later said he was just “a decent man who exports flowers,” was already involved in Medellin’s organised crime scene, though only on a small level, when he was in his late teens. Together with Oscar Benel Aguirre, he was selling illegal cigarettes and committing “grand theft auto.” They and their friends also kidnapped a number of famous people and demanded large amounts of money as ransoms. And Escobar had even bigger plans. He wanted to get rich quickly, and he was ready to do anything to get it. As early as the 1970s, this included sneaking marijuana into the country. Later, the goods they brought in were changed to cocaine. Because of this, a lot of people saw him as a man marked. Around this time, Pablo started dating Maria Victoria Henao, who was a teenager. Her mother is said to have told her to forget about him unless she wanted to spend a lot of time going to see him in prison. Maria didn’t give up, and in the end, they got married in 1976, when he was 26 and she was 15. Juan and Manuela would be their two children. In the middle of the 1970s, not long before he married Maria, Pablo got involved in the growing cocaine trade. Another smuggler named Griselda Blanco brought him into the business. Within the United States in the 1960s, cocaine was more of a niche drug. Other drugs like marijuana, LSD, and heroin were much more common. But in the 1970s, cocaine use exploded all over the country. This was especially true in cities like New York and Miami as the disco scene grew. Because of this, the market for cocaine in Latin America, especially in Colombia, grew very quickly. At that time, this is what made it possible for drug cartels and small operators like Pablo to get into the business in Colombia in the mid-1970s. Pablo’s first job was with some well-known drug smugglers in Medellin. They hired him to bring packages of coca paste to processing plants in and around Medellin so that it could be turned into powdered cocaine. Soon enough, Pablo cut out some of the middlemen and started his own businesses to fly large amounts of fully processed cocaine out of Colombia and into the US via different routes. At the time, they had no idea that Pablo and his friends were setting up the first steps of what would become the Medellin Cartel. It was almost over for the Medellin Cartel before it even began. As Pablo and some others were on their way to Medellin in May 1976 with 18 kilogrammes of coca paste, they were caught. Pablo’s first thought was to try to pay off the people who had arrested him and then the judges in Medellin. This didn’t work, so Pablo tried to kill the police officers who arrested him so they wouldn’t have to testify against him in court. It looks like the risks of continuing to try to catch Escobar were too high for the authorities, and they decided to drop the case. He got away with it, but the way he got the charges dropped was typical of how Pablo behaved for the next fifteen years or so. If it helped him get ahead of his rivals or kept the police from catching him, Escobar was always ready to strike. And it’s important to keep this in mind when you think about Pablo Escobar. In the years that followed, he would constantly try to show himself as a humble drug dealer who thought drugs would be legalised one day. But behind these lies was someone who had ordered thousands of deaths over the years.

The Medellin Cartel

In the late 1970s, Escobar and the Medellin Cartel’s business took off. This wasn’t just because the market for cocaine in the US grew, but also because the Cartel came up with a number of very good ways to bring the drug into the US. Carlos Lehder, a German-Colombian, and George Jung, an American from Massachusetts, did some drug smuggling after getting out of prison in Connecticut in 1976. Soon after, they started working for Escobar. Lehder was sent to Danbury Prison in Connecticut for smuggling drugs and selling stolen cars. Jung, on the other hand, was running a scheme to bring marijuana from Mexico to California and then ship it across the country to New England, where it sold for a huge amount more than it cost to buy in Mexico. In Danbury, on the other hand, they came up with a way to get into the growing cocaine trade. As a result, when they got out of jail, they started bringing cocaine from Colombia into the United States through the Caribbean and Florida, especially the city of Miami. The first reason Escobar hired them was to help his business grow by bringing bigger and bigger loads of cocaine into the United States. But this would soon get bigger. In 1978, Carlos Lehder started buying land on Norman’s Cay, a Bahamian island, with the goal of turning it into a hub for cocaine trafficking between Colombia and the United States. Over the next few months, he used violence to scare local landowners into selling their land, even killing some of the residents. Lehder, who was unstable and paranoid, also pushed Jung out of the operation at this point.

The history of Norman’s Cay airports and how they came to be associated with cocaine

In just a few months, he turned the island into his own personal fiefdom. He then spent millions of dollars building a runway and warehouses. Norman’s Cay was the Medellin Cartel’s private airport in the Caribbean for a few years. It was located off the coast of the United States, close to the biggest cocaine market in the world. Large planes would bring huge amounts of Escobar’s cocaine to the island, where it would be unloaded and reloaded onto smaller planes that could fly into the US without being caught. Over 300 kilogrammes of cocaine were coming to Norman’s Cay every day at its busiest. This made Escobar, Lehder, and their friends billionaires. Lehder got so rich that he twice offered to pay off the Colombian government’s debt to avoid being charged with crimes.

Barry Seal’s Curious Partnership with the Medellin Narcotics Group

Barry Seal was another well-known associate at this time. Seal was a plane pilot from Baton Rouge, which is in the southern U.S. state of Louisiana. Like Jung, he started out in drug trafficking in the mid-1970s by bringing in marijuana from Mexico. But like Jung and Lehder, he quickly realised that bringing in cocaine, which was more valuable and easier to transport, would make him much more money. By 1981, he had set up a system for running his business and had made connections with Escobar and the Medellin Cartel. Seal used more than a dozen small planes that could fly low and stay out of American airspace without being picked up by radar. These planes would fly over the Gulf of Mexico and into Louisiana airspace. They would then drop the packages off at agreed upon locations in the country. The packages were then picked up by a team on the ground by Seal. They were then sent to Florida and delivered to the Medellin Cartel’s East Coast distribution network. Seal did work for Escobar, but it had two sides. In 1983, the US Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) charged him with a crime. By early 1984, he was working as a US government informant and giving them a lot of information about Escobar and his business. Escobar finally found out about this and had Seal killed in February 1986. As a branch of the Medellin Cartel, Norman’s Cay was becoming Lehder’s private fiefdom, and Seal was dropping packages over Louisiana.

Escobar’s Hidden Empire

At the same time, Escobar was setting up his own private kingdom in Colombia. Pablo bought 20 square kilometres of land around Puerto Triunfo, which is about 150 kilometres east of Medellin, with some of the money he made from his business. He built the huge Hacienda Napoles, or Naples Estate, here for himself and his family. The property had a Spanish colonial house, a sculpture park, and even a zoo with zebras, hippos, antelopes, elephants, giraffes, ostriches, and ponies that Escobar had brought into Colombia. Hippos were very important to Escobar, so many of them were brought into the Hacienda. Because of this decision, there are now wild hippos living in this part of Colombia. Pablo Escobar also gathered a large collection of old and expensive cars, motorcycles, and even built a kart track and a bullring. There was also an airport at the Hacienda, but it was only for visitors and wasn’t used by the Medellin Cartel for business. Escobar even planned to build an acropolis or citadel in the style of ancient Greece here, but this plan never came to fruition. This wasn’t the only big property Pablo bought either. Incredibly, even though Escobar was one of the biggest drug dealers in the US, he was able to buy a huge pink mansion on Miami Beach in Florida in the late 1970s. The house was registered in his own name because Escobar wasn’t yet a well-known drug lord, but the US government would seize the property in later years. Escobar also bought a huge estate on the island of Isla Grande, also known as the “Great Island,” in the Caribbean. The Islas del Rosario is a large group of islands located just over twenty miles off the north coast of Colombia. This is the largest island in the group. Like with the Hacienda Napoles, Escobar built a large estate here, complete with a mansion, extra apartments, animals that he brought in from other countries, swimming pools, and a landing pad for helicopters to make getting in and out easy. Additionally, these were only the fanciest homes that Escobar bought with money he got from the illegal drug trade in Colombia. The Medellin Cartel also owned hundreds of homes across the country, and they often only used them to hide their money in very fancy ways.

The complex legacy of Pablo Escobar: the rise and decline, part 1

Family background and early life

Pablo Escobar was born on December 1, 1949, as Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria in the city of Rionegro in the department of Antioquia in Colombia. He is known to history as Pablo Escobar. Abel de Jesus Dari Escobar Echeverri was his father. He was a poor farmer who often worked as a farmhand on other people’s plots to make money for his large family of seven children. Pablo was the third child in the family. Hermilda de Los Dolores Gaviria Berrio was Pablo’s mother. She raised their seven children and also worked as an elementary school teacher in the area.

Migration to Medellin

Even though Pablo was born in Rionegro, his family moved to Medellin when he was still very young. It is interesting to think about how this Colombian city, which Pablo would become so closely linked to, has grown over time. In the 1610s, the Spanish came to the area and started to build a village with people of different races. Over the next two hundred years, it steadily grew to the point where, when the Republic of Gran Colombia, which is now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama, declared its independence from Spain in 1819, Medellin was already the capital of the region. It was in the northwest of Colombia, in the Aburrá Valley, next to the Andes Mountains. Latin America grew economically and population-wise in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and Medellin grew along with it. Medellin’s growth as an industrial hub caused the population to rise from about 60,000 in 1905 to over 300,000 by the time Pablo was born. It kept growing after that. When Pablo was in his early twenties, there were already more than a million people living in the city. Medellin was now the industrial capital of the country and the second largest city. He got involved in the many criminal businesses that had sprung up all over Medellin because of the city’s extreme poverty.

Involvement in gang and kicking out from school

By the time he was 14, he was in a gang and was quickly kicked out of school. He also got into a few fights with other gang members. One of these got him into a fight with Julio Tulio Garces, which he lost, but Pablo wasn’t scared. Pablo got into a fight with Julio Gaviria again, and this time he pulled out a gun and shot Gaviria in the foot. The police were called, and Pablo spent his first few nights in a Colombian prison. And while they were teenagers, he and some of his friends were involved in a number of minor crimes. In some versions of the story, they steal gravestones, sand down the fronts where the names are written, and then sell them as new. Some people think Pablo was running a business to sell fake college and high school diplomas. In these stories about his early life, it’s hard to tell the difference between what is true and what is made up.

Colombia politics

The history of Colombia in the 20th century and the growth of the drug trade there must be seen in light of Pablo Escobar’s troubled life after that. In some ways, it’s impossible to separate drugs and politics in modern Colombia. There are two main political parties in the country: Liberals and Conservatives. The United States of America has always watched and meddled in the country’s politics. In the beginning, this interventionism, which was spread throughout Latin America because of the Monroe Doctrine, which saw the Americas as a zone of US influence, was focused on allowing US access to the Isthmus of Panama. However, after Panama separated from Colombia in the early 1900s, this became less of an issue. During these decades, conservative politicians often sided with American businesses that wanted to control the trade of goods like bananas, coffee, and other things in Central and South America. The country ended up with an economy that was far behind and a lot of poor people. But not long before Pablo was born, the country was ruled by populists because the Liberal party wanted to fix the country’s economic problems and make Colombia’s wealth more evenly distributed. The political instability in Colombia today can be traced back to 1948, the year Pablo was born. That’s when the populist politician Jorge Eliécer Gaitán was killed, which caused a big rift between Colombia’s Liberals and Conservatives. After that, there was a civil war for ten years called “La Violencia,” or “The Violence,” in which more than 200,000 people were killed across the country. Eventually, the two groups agreed to work together in an uneasy way to form a National Front where each party would take turns holding power.

Gorella war between the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC).

This new government, with the help and encouragement of the US, started cracking down on the more left-leaning parts of Colombia’s politics, especially Leninist-Marxist Communist groups. This was done to keep Colombia from becoming an ally of Russia in the Americas, like Cuba recently did. As a result, a guerrilla war started in 1964 between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian government. It has continued in some form or another to this day. Other paramilitary groups operating in rural areas of Colombia have also been involved in the so-called “Colombian Conflict.” Not long after, the FARC and other groups were in charge of a lot of rural Colombia. In the 1960s and early 1970s, all of this happened at the same time that the demand for illegal drugs was rising around the world, especially in the US and Europe. At first, marijuana was the drug of choice, but as time went on, cocaine, the powder made from the leaves of the coca plant, became the drug of choice because it was easier to transport and make more money from. Colombia has the perfect conditions for growing coca plants. The country’s vast rural jungles and rising crime rates in the 1960s made it the world’s centre for cocaine production very quickly. Even though groups like the FARC weren’t directly involved in growing and exporting cocaine at first, they did allow these activities to happen in the areas of Colombia they controlled, and they also taxed the people who made the drugs. This gave them money that they needed to keep fighting the government in a civil war by buying weapons and other supplies. A long time later, the FARC and other groups would even start making their own. Because of this, the political situation in Colombia in the second half of the 20th century cannot be separated from the production of cocaine during Pablo’s rise to power and at his peak.

Q-star, the Ai which threatens humanity

It has been a year since ChatGPT made its debut to the general public, a momentous occasion that had a significant impact on how people around the world viewed artificial intelligence. Many people are in awe of the astounding capabilities of an artificial intelligence programme such as ChatGPT. Sam Altman, the CEO of OpenAI, has become a symbol of the ongoing revolution in artificial intelligence. OpenAI is the company that is leading the charge in creating this. Recent happenings within the company, on the other hand, have taken an unexpected turning point. An uproar was caused among the staff members as a result of the unexpected dismissal of the Board of Directors, which included Sam Altman. Over the course of just four days, OpenAI went through three different CEO personnel changes. On the other hand, the most intriguing discovery was the appearance of a mysterious force that was responsible for this upheaval. This force was Q-Star, an artificial intelligence entity that was shrouded in mystery.

A number of researchers working for OpenAI wrote a letter to the board of directors prior to Sam Altman’s dismissal. In the letter, they expressed concern regarding the development of a highly powerful artificial intelligence that could pose a risk to humankind. This artificial intelligence, which was given the name Q-Star, demonstrated remarkable capabilities and was able to solve difficult problems and predict future events to a certain extent. The internal designation for this artificial intelligence was changed to Q-Star, which raised concerns about the implications of this change.

One of the most prominent antagonists in Tom Cruise’s most recent Mission Impossible film, “Dead Reckoning Part 1,” was not a human but rather an artificial intelligence that was given the name Entity. Because of its omnipotence, this artificial intelligence was able to manipulate people and predict the future through the use of mass surveillance.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) vs Weak Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Foreseeing events ten or fifteen years in the future is not part of the predictive capability of artificial intelligence. On the other hand, it is particularly effective at making short-term forecasts, such as predicting the outcomes of specific situations for the following day or week. The term “Artificial General Intelligence” (AGI) refers to a type of artificial intelligence that is capable of performing a variety of tasks more effectively than humans. Existing artificial intelligence models, such as ChatGPT and MidJourney, are classified as Weak AI. These models excel in particular tasks, but they do not possess the versatility of artificial general intelligence (AGI).

In the beginning, OpenAI was a non-profit organisation with the goal of developing artificial general intelligence for the benefit of humanity. All ten of the company’s co-founders, including Altman and Musk, as well as other influential individuals such as Ilya Sutskever and Greg Brockman, have committed a total of one billion dollars. In 2019, however, Altman took over as CEO of the company, which resulted in a change in the company’s overall direction. Moving forward in time to November 17, 2023, the board of directors abruptly terminated Altman’s employment.

OpenAI Global LLC, the company’s corporate subsidiary that operates for profit, was the source of the company’s turmoil. It had been planned from the beginning to limit profits to one hundred times the initial investment, but Microsoft ended up investing a staggering one billion dollars in the company. Over the course of four years, it amassed thirteen billion dollars in investments, with Microsoft holding a forty-nine percent stake. Concerns regarding the scope of commercialization and its potential effects were brought up as a result of the delicate balance that exists between activities that are for profit and those that are not for profit.

Concerns were raised among OpenAI’s ranks as a result of the appearance of Q-Star, an artificial general intelligence that was kept under wraps. Its capabilities, which were only known to those who were on the inside, revolved around reinforcement learning, which is a technique in which artificial intelligence learns from human feedback in order to improve decision-making.

Questions were raised regarding the capability of Q-Star to forecast and influence a variety of aspects of human life, ranging from elections to business dealings. These questions sparked debate. The possibility that artificial general intelligence (AGI) could operate solely on mathematical algorithms and be immune to human biases has increased concerns regarding the future course of OpenAI.

Disputes and Discord Caused by OpenAI

The for-profit push came into conflict with conservative approaches that placed an emphasis on the safety of artificial intelligence, led by Ilya Sutskever. The fact that this discord has become more intense after the release of ChatGPT+, the launch of the API, and the unveiling of GPT-4 is indicative of a shift towards excessive commercialization. While Altman was concentrating on future launches and finding ways to increase profits, Ilya was putting safety protocols first.

The company was confronted with a critical juncture following Altman’s dismissal and subsequent reinstatement. OpenAI’s dependence on its workforce was highlighted by Sam’s return to his position as CEO, which was supported by more than ninety percent of employees threatening to resign. An important turning point was when Ilya, despite his concerns about his own safety, found himself in agreement with the necessity of the company’s continued existence.

In the aftermath of the conflict, two board members were removed from their positions, and new board members were appointed. Because of Microsoft’s ownership stake in OpenAI, the situation became more complicated, which ultimately resulted in Sam being reinstated as CEO. This change in power represented an important step towards OpenAI’s stability and governance when it occurred.

OpenAI’s Future: Moving Forward in the Future

Microsoft’s vested interest in artificial intelligence is reflected in Satya Nadella’s position on the board of directors of OpenAI. There is still a lack of clarity regarding OpenAI’s future course of action, which may be profit-driven or aligned with its non-profit mission. Arguments and conjectures regarding the impact on the development of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and its implications for the future of humanity are ongoing.

Recognising the potential of artificial intelligence in order to successfully navigate a world that is constantly evolving is necessary. It is essential to continue to comprehend the implications of the AI landscape as it continues to develop.

Why British Left India? | Reality of Mahatma Gandhi’s Role

For the Quit India Movement, which began on August 8, 1942 at the Gwalior Tank Maidan in Mumbai, the departure of the British from India is a momentous chapter in history. This movement is shrouded in mystery. When the All India Congress Committee got together to announce an audacious final struggle against the colonial rule, it was a momentous occasion that forever changed the course of history.

For the purpose of rallying the masses to embrace the mantra of “Do or Die,” Mahatma Gandhi delivered a speech that became legendary in front of a sea of onlookers. This speech signalled an unwavering determination for freedom from the oppressive British regime. It was on that momentous day that the discontent that had been building up for years against the imperialist dominion finally reached a boiling point, which was the beginning of the current movement.

On the other hand, the British authorities were not taken aback by the situation. Several months earlier, their Home Department had painstakingly developed a three-step strategy to put down any potential uprising. The strategy began with the control of propaganda, then moved on to the seizure of Congress offices, and finally culminated in the suppression of the growing movement.

The Arrests and Ongoing Struggle

The leaders of the Congress party, such as Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, were swiftly arrested the following day, which severely hampered the movement’s ability to have a visible leadership. However, this disruption did not discourage the movement; rather, it served as a catalyst for the development of an uplifting story of perseverance and determination.

Failed Negotiations and British Offers

This movement was the culmination of a series of unsuccessful negotiations and offers presented by the British. The struggle for independence had a long history, and this movement was the culmination of that struggle. During World War II, numerous attempts were made by the British government to secure the cooperation of the Indian people. These efforts included the August Offer in 1940 and the Cripps Mission in 1942. On the other hand, the Indian leaders, led by Congress, steadfastly demanded complete independence and rejected these offers.

Brave Hearts Amidst Oppression

The fervour of the Quit India Movement was fueled by the participation of a wide variety of people. Among them, Usha Mehta, who was only 22 years old at the time, was particularly noteworthy because she was the one who secretly operated Congress Radio 42.34. She became a beacon of information dissemination during the time when the British authorities were stifling mainstream media. Her courageous efforts were heard all over the country, and she narrowly escaped capture until she was finally apprehended.

The Call for Support and Ordinary Heroes

At the same time, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, who was living in exile in Berlin at the time, supported Gandhi’s movement through his Azad Hind Radio, thereby demonstrating a unified front for the liberation of India. In the midst of the chaos, ordinary citizens such as Matangini Hazra displayed extraordinary bravery by leading rallies despite the fact that they could have fatal consequences. This exemplifies the unyielding spirit of the widespread population.

Several Different Types of Opposition

There was widespread participation in the movement, which encompassed a variety of forms of civil disobedience. These included strikes in factories, disruptions in government operations, and even instances of violence in certain regions. Despite this, Mahatma Gandhi, who was worn down by the violent turn of events, expressed a pragmatic stance during which he blamed the chaos on the oppressive policies of the British.

Arguments in Opposition and Collaborative Efforts

There were, however, voices within India that disagreed with the fervour for independence that was prevalent at the time. In opposition to the Quit India Movement, the Muslim League, which was led by prominent figures such as Fazlul Huq, and the Hindu Mahasabha, which included prominent figures such as Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, were seen to be aligning themselves with the British. When compared to the overwhelming demand for freedom, this collaboration with the colonial power by certain Indian factions stood in stark contrast to the current situation.

Attention from around the world and shifts in political power

Despite this, the Quit India Movement was successful in accomplishing its goal, which was to bring attention from around the world to India’s fight for independence. Global leaders, such as President Roosevelt, exerted pressure on the government of the United Kingdom to address India’s aspirations, which caused the winds of change to blow internationally. It was a watershed moment in British history when, in 1945, the Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee, rose to power and became the dominant political party. The possibility of India achieving its goal of self-governance was on the horizon.

The Legacy That Will Last Forever

As a result of this change in power, the Congress leaders who had been imprisoned were released, which paved the way for India’s eventual achievement of independence. Despite the fact that it involved sacrifices and struggles, the movement was a significant step in India’s march towards freedom.

Chicken or egg: What came first?

We continue to be fascinated by a riddle that has been around for centuries: which came first, the chicken or the egg? This fascinating conundrum reveals previously hidden layers of evolutionary history. It begs the question: from which egg did the first chicken emerge? If we are to assert that the chicken came first, then this raises the question. If, on the other hand, we propose that the egg comes before the chicken, then this raises the question of which chicken laid the egg in the first place. The contentious classification of eggs as either vegetarian or non-vegetarian is another interesting topic that is discussed in this mysterious debate. Let’s get started on a comprehensive investigation to figure out how to make sense of these enigmas.

The origin

The events of the story take place approximately 150 million years ago, when dinosaurs established their dominance over the planet. In the midst of this prehistoric period, which was characterised by a wide variety of dinosaur species, the journey of evolution of birds began. It was during this period of time that the first birds of the avian species took to the air. As opposed to following a linear path, evolution has diverged in a number of different directions. There were dinosaurs that shrunk and evolved into avian creatures, beginning the lineage of modern-day birds such as chickens. While some dinosaurs evolved into formidable predators such as the T-Rex, others shrunk and evolved into avian creatures. Particularly noteworthy is the evolutionary connection that exists between modern chickens and their formidable ancestors, such as the T-Rex. This connection exemplifies the various paths that evolution can take.

Egg Origins: A Prehistoric Timeline

Despite the fact that birds did not come into existence until much later, dinosaurs were already capable of laying eggs. Dinosaurs laid eggs that were comparable to those that are being laid by modern birds such as chickens and ostriches. This occurred even before the evolution of birds. Eggs are thought to have originated approximately 375 million years ago, when they were laid by an amphibious creature known as Tiktaalik Roseae for the first time. These ancient eggs, which were not like the chicken eggs that are used today, could be compared to fish eggs because they did not have a hard shell around them.

In the vicinity of 300 million years ago, eggs underwent a transformation that resulted in their current form, which is characterised by a tough outer shell similar to that of ordinary chicken eggs. To put this into perspective, the evolution of chickens in their current form occurred only 3,500 years ago. This is a striking contrast to the current state of affairs. Over the course of evolution, eggs have been around for millions of years before the chicken as we know it came into existence. This stark divergence in timelines highlights the entire evolutionary journey.

The Tale of Domestication

In Southeast Asia, around the year 1500 B.C., the cultivation of rice and millet brought about a change in the relationship between humans and a wild fowl that was a precursor to the chicken. This is known as the red jungle fowl. This wild bird, which resembled chickens in appearance but lived in jungle environments, gradually became domesticated over time. Its appearance was comparable to that of modern chickens. Over the course of millennia, human interaction and selective breeding had the effect of transforming this ancestor into the domestic chicken that we are familiar with today. It is remarkable that its remote ancestor, the species of jungle fowl known as Gallus Gallus, continues to flourish in the jungles of Southeast Asia, despite being subtly different from its domesticated counterpart.

This evolution reaffirms the significant time gap that exists between the two species: eggs have a lineage that dates back 300 million years, whereas chickens, in their current form, evolved only 3,500 years ago.

Unlocking the Mystery of the Chicken-Egg Paradox

The mystery of which came first, the chicken or its egg, is revealed in a sequence that sheds light on the stages of evolution. The modern chicken, which originated from the red jungle fowl, can trace its origins back to an ancestor that was similar to the proto-chicken. At a crucial point in their history, genetic mutations that occurred during reproduction resulted in the birth of the first true red jungle fowl from an egg. This event laid the groundwork for the first chicken to come into existence. Following that, the production of eggs by these evolved species led to the continuation of the chicken lineage through successive generations.

An unclear distinction is drawn by human classification, and the demarcation between what constitutes a “chicken” and its ancestral lineage brings this distinction into focus. The forces that drive evolution, which were previously investigated in the series on evolution, shed light on this constantly occurring transformation.

Gradual Evolution: An Intricate Journey

Within the context of this evolutionary narrative, the idea that there was a particular date that marked the birth of the first chicken is cast aside. On the contrary, it depicts a gradual progression, a continuum that is traversed through stages, generations, and incremental transformations. The idea of artificial selection, which is a topic that needs to be investigated further, sheds light on this gradual evolution.

Classifying Eggs: Vegetarian or Non-Vegetarian

Whether eggs are considered vegetarian or non-vegetarian, the classification of eggs reveals a complicated understanding. Eggs can be broken down into two primary categories: unfertilized haploid eggs, which are incapable of hatching, and fertilised diploid eggs, which are the result of mating and have the potential to hatch chicks. Embryogenesis, which is a process that occurs in some plant and animal species, allows for the development of embryos without the need for fertilisation. On the other hand, unfertilized eggs are not capable of hatching and are primarily consumed by chickens because they are not fertilised. This classification, which was upheld by the Supreme Court, considers these eggs to be vegetarian, devoid of life, and comparable to milk. This classification was based on the opinion of Mahatma Gandhi.

The Nutritional Bounty of Eggs

Eggs contain a wide variety of essential nutrients, such as protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which contribute to their nutritional value. It is because of this nutritional bounty that eggs are considered to be a very beneficial addition to one’s diet. Egg consumption is being advocated by the government as a means of combating malnutrition, which highlights the nutritional significance of eggs.

Human Intervention and Artificial Selection

Resonating in the evolution of cultivated plants and animals is the juxtaposition of natural and artificial selection, which manifests itself across a wide range of domains. Through the use of artificial selection, human intervention has significantly increased egg production among modern chickens. This is a remarkable achievement.

Evolution Beyond Chickens and Eggs

This evolutionary saga extends beyond the realms of chickens and eggs, and it encompasses human interventions in breeding. These interventions are most prominently seen in the process of maximising milk yield in cows or cultivating particular characteristics in plants. A further illustration of the profound impact that human intervention has had is provided by the evolution of cultivated plants such as broccoli, cauliflower, and bananas through the process of artificial selection.

The Dawn of Agriculture

The story continues all the way up to the beginning of agriculture, with wheat serving as a prime example of the transformative impact that domestication has had on human societies for centuries. This profound contemplation delves into the ways in which the cultivation of wheat reimagined the human experience, leading to agricultural practices that brought about significant changes in both the environment and the way people lived their careers.

The Evolutionary Journey Continues

In conclusion, the chicken-or-egg paradox can be recast as a continuum of evolution, which is a reflection of gradual stages, the influence of artificial selection, and the intertwining of human influence in the process of shaping the species that surround us. This story develops into a complex web that not only encompasses the origins of chickens and eggs but also discusses the broader implications of human intervention and evolution across a variety of different domains of existence.

What happened to other Human Species? | Evolution of Homo Ancestors

Introduction

Through the study of human evolution, one can discover a fascinating journey through time, which involves investigating the lineage of our ancestors. Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo Neanderthals are three important species that have a strong connection to the anatomical background of humans. Can you tell me what happened to these species? Do any of them still take place today? These ancestors play a significant role in the history of modern humans, also known as Homo sapiens. Nevertheless, the most important question remains: has the process of evolution in humans come to a halt, or do we continue to evolve? In this video, which is the second installment of the Theory of Evolution series, we delve into these inquiries and attempt to unravel the mysterious story of human history.

From the Beginning of Life to the End of the Dinosaur Era

In the video that came before this one, I had the opportunity to travel through the history of life on Earth and investigate the various forms of life that appeared before. The story continued all the way up until the time when dinosaurs became extinct. As we move forward, let us continue our journey and reveal the story of the evolution of humanity.

The Great Apes represent the closest relatives.

The Great Apes, which include Chimpanzees, Gorillas, Orangutans, and Bonobos, are our closest living relatives, and we will begin our exploration with them. These apes, along with humans, are classified as Hominids because they share a number of characteristics, including the ability to walk on two legs and the types of blood groups they have.

How Hominoids and Anthropoids Are Related to One Another

When we take a step back in the evolutionary chain, we observe the emergence of hominoids, which include gibbons that share an astonishing 96% DNA similarity with humans. Extending further, Anthropoids appear, which are composed of a variety of monkeys and have characteristics that seem to be similar to humans.

Primates

The Primate category includes both Tarsiers and Lemurs, both of which have characteristics that are unique to them. The shy and nocturnal tarsiers are known for their extraordinary jumping abilities, while the Lemurs, which are native to Madagascar, carry the distinction of being the oldest living primates.

Understanding Evolution Through the Lens of a Tree with Many Branches

When evolution is compared to a tree, it can be seen as a tree that branches off into different categories. As we travel backward, we will find convergence points that reveal common ancestors, which will shed light on the relationship between modern-day animals and humans.

A Trip Through Hominins: Our Ancestral Lineage and Their Development

When we venture into the realm of Hominins, we come across a number of different species, one of which is Ardipithecus Ramidus, which was the extremely first species to exhibit bipedalism. Additional species, such as Australopithecus Afarensis, which is represented by the well-known fossil known as “Lucy,” displayed more advanced bipedal characteristics and the ability to use tools.

Between the time of Homo Habilis and Homo Erectus

The appearance of Homo Habilis, also referred to as “handyman,” demonstrated a significant advancement in the utilisation of tools and the scavenging of resources. The Homo erectus, also known as the “working man,” demonstrated significant advancements in the areas of hunting, toolmaking, and the utilisation of fire.

Homo sapiens: The rise of the Wise Man

The culmination of evolution is the species that we are, Homo sapiens, which demonstrates remarkable advancements in intelligence, creativity, and the development of society. The path that led to the development of modern Homo sapiens was paved by archaic Homo sapiens.

Extinct Cousins: Homo Neanderthals and Beyond

residing on Homo Neanderthals, Homo Denisovans, and Homo Floresiensis, which were species that coexisted with Homo Sapiens but fell victim to extinction in the long run. It is investigated how Homo Neanderthals overcame the obstacles that led to their eventual demise, as well as the genetic legacy that they left behind in modern humans.

Homo sapiens are still evolving in their species.

When considering the evolution of humans, contemporary evidence suggests that Homo sapiens continue to exhibit evolutionary characteristics. These characteristics are visible in the variation of skin colour and lactose tolerance across populations. The ongoing nature of human evolution is demonstrated by the evolutionary adaptations that have occurred in response to changes in the environment and in diet.

Secrets of the Ancestral Journey Beyond Humans

Taking a look back at the history of human evolution, it is essential to comprehend that our origins extend beyond primates. In order to gain a better understanding of the fascinating story of the evolution of life, it is necessary to investigate our relationship with vertebrates, mammals, and the last universal common ancestor, also known as LUCA.

A Journey of Epic Proportions: From Stardust to Life

Reflecting on the beginnings of life, beginning with the formation of stardust and progressing to the formation of our solar system and, ultimately, the beginning of the Earth, is a way to trace the story of the emergence of life. The journey from the smallest cell to complex organisms is illustrative of the great complexity that has been present throughout the evolution of life.

Conclusion

A captivating story is encapsulated in the process of human evolution, which is a complex tapestry that weaves through a wide variety of species and intricate characteristics. This narrative, which begins with the earliest forms of life and ends with Homo sapiens, offers a glimpse into an evolutionary journey that is rich in resiliency, adaptation, and continuity.

India-Pakistan 1971 War | Why it happened?

As part of Operation Chengiz Khan, Pakistan launched aerial attacks on a number of Indian airfields on December 3, 1971. These airfields included those in Amritsar, Pathankot, Jodhpur, Ambala, Agra, and Srinagar. Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, quickly addressed the nation and declared the beginning of the war between India and Pakistan. This event marked the beginning of the India-Pakistan War, which went on until 1971. It was ultimately this conflict that resulted in the establishment of Bangladesh.

Contextualization of the Past

Allow me to take you back in time to the pre-colonial era before we delve into the complexities of the war. On the Indian subcontinent, there were a great number of independent kingdoms, each of which had its own language, traditions, and rulers. Since the 13th century, the Bengal region, which includes the areas that are now Bangladesh and West Bengal as well as the neighbouring regions, had been ruled by Muslim monarchs for a considerable amount of time.

Colonialism played a role.

In 1757, the East India Company established its dominance, which marked the beginning of British rule. This rule lasted until 1947, when the subcontinent was divided into India and Pakistan as a result of the traumatic partition. Religious tensions and geopolitical shifts were the driving forces behind the partition, which resulted in large-scale migrations and profound disruptions to all aspects of society and culture.

Origin of Pakistan as a nation

Pakistan was established in 1947, marking the beginning of the process of dividing the country along religious lines. This was the culmination of the demand for a separate state for Muslims. There were, however, differences that emerged within Pakistan, particularly between West Pakistan and East Pakistan (which is now known as Bangladesh).

Unrest in the political sphere and the imposition of Urdu

Political instability, economic disparities, and cultural differences all contributed to the widening of the rift between the two Pakistans after the formation of Pakistan. The Bengali Language Movement and protests started as a result of the government of West Pakistan’s decision to make Urdu the official language. This decision exacerbated the tensions that were already present.

Bangladeshi nationalism is on the rise.

Bengali nationalism and demands for autonomy were sparked as a result of the refusal to recognise Bengali as an official language and the subsequent suppression of protests. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the Awami League were particularly influential in this regard.

Conspiracy Case and Unrest in the Agartala Region

In the Agartala Conspiracy Case, Rahman and his associates were falsely accused of conspiring with India for East Pakistan’s independence. This further stoked public outrage and led to widespread demonstrations against the governance of West Pakistan.

The Elections of 1970 and the Political Consequences

The Awami League was able to win the vast majority of seats in East Pakistan during the 1970 elections, but it was unsuccessful in gaining any seats in West Pakistan. As a result of the subsequent annulment of election results by the authorities in West Pakistan, widespread unrest and demands for autonomy spread throughout the region.

Beginning of the Struggle for Independence

The declaration of independence by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on March 7, 1971, and the subsequent crackdowns by the Pakistani army marked the beginning of Bangladesh’s quest for liberation. This occurred in the midst of mounting tension and protests.

escalation to the point of war

The culmination of Pakistan’s military crackdown and atrocities committed against Bengalis was Operation Searchlight, which resulted in widespread genocide among Bengalis. After seeing the influx of refugees and the atrocities that were taking place, India decided to get involved in the conflict in order to support Bangladesh’s fight for independence.

Conflict between India and Pakistan and the Liberation of Bangladesh

During the course of India’s military intervention, Pakistan’s request for a cease-fire was rejected, which ultimately resulted in India and Bangladesh achieving a decisive military victory. In 1971, on December 16th, the momentous surrender of Pakistani forces marked the beginning of the independence of Bangladesh.

Aftermath and the Development of

The recognition of Bangladesh as an independent nation was formally established through the Simla Agreement. In the years following the war, Bangladesh was confronted with its own set of difficulties, including a struggle for stability, military coups, and changes in the government.

Both Reflections and a Legacy

At the same time that it highlights the dangers of linguistic imposition, cultural differences, and the consequences of political marginalisation, the history of Bangladesh’s creation sheds light on these issues. The significance of inclusive governance and the complexities of cultural diversity within nations are both brought up for consideration as a result of this.

The birth of Bangladesh in 1971 was a pivotal moment in history, one that was marked by the perseverance of a nation, the sacrifices that were made, and the struggles that were endured. An examination of this narrative compels us to contemplate the complexities of nation-building, the importance of cultural harmony, and the enduring legacy of decisions made throughout history.

How did the British Empire take over India? Fall of Mughal Empire

A historical journey that begins with the foundation and early challenges faced by the British East India Company during its rise to power in India

In the year 1600, the British East India Company embarked on its journey with the intention of initially engaging in commerce in the Spice Islands of Southeast Asia. In order to counteract the fierce competition that they faced from the Dutch, they refocused their efforts on India. Their early attempts in Indonesia were unsuccessful due to the Dutch’s dominance, despite the fact that they were successful. With the intention of achieving better opportunities, the Company shifted its focus to India and established its first factory in Surat in the year 1608.

Finding Your Way Through Political Terrains

While the Company was operating under the influence of the vast and powerful Mughal Empire, it encountered difficulties in obtaining trading permissions. Their initial efforts to establish a foothold in Surat were unsuccessful because the Portuguese, who were in favour with the Mughal rulers, were able to achieve their goals. After this, strategic shifts were implemented, which resulted in the establishment of important factories in areas that were not directly under Mughal control. One such region was Machlipatnam, which is located in Andhra Pradesh.

Strategic Engagements and Expansion

Through diplomatic manoeuvres in the year 1615, Sir Thomas Roe was finally successful in securing trading rights from Emperor Jahangir, which was a significant step forward. The establishment of numerous factories in a variety of cities in India led to the flourishing of the Company’s trade in a variety of commodities, including cotton, indigo, silk, and other goods.

The Acquiring of Power and Authority by the Company

An unprecedented grant of rights from the English monarchy in the vicinity of the year 1670 provided the East India Company with political, economic, and military authority. This granted the company the ability to acquire territories, form alliances, and even wage wars, which was a monumental step for a corporate entity. Nevertheless, their unfortunate conflict with the Mughals in 1686 proved to be disastrous, resulting in defeat, fines, and the reinstatement of trading privileges.

The Mughal rule was fragmented, which led to the consolidation of control.

An Era of Internal Supplications

Following Aurangzeb’s death in 1707, the Mughal Empire struggled with internal strife and power struggles, which paved the way for the rise of regional powers such as the Marathas. Both the external dangers posed by Persia and the instability of the financial system further weakened the central authority, which ultimately led to the establishment of local sovereign control.

The Company’s Operations and Strategies for Growth and Expansion

By strategically establishing Residents in various regions, enforcing Subsidiary Alliances on local rulers, and expanding its territorial control, the East India Company was able to capitalise on the weakened Mughal Empire. This was accomplished through the utilisation of alliances, political manipulations, and military might.

Transition to British Hegemony: The Intricacies of the Political Landscape

The Treaty of Allahabad, which was signed in 1765, was a momentous occasion that marked a turning point. It granted the Company the authority to govern Bengal and established its position as the de facto ruling entity. As a result of the Doctrine of Lapse, the British government was able to annex a number of territories, which ultimately led to the assumption of control by the British government in the year 1858.

The End of an Era: From the Rule of Companies to the British Raj and Their Legacy and the Impact Made After 1857

The First War of Independence, also known as the Revolt of 1857, ultimately led to the establishment of the British Raj and marked the end of the rule of the Company. By the year 1874, the British East India Company had ceased to exist, which marked the end of the company’s significant influence over the Indian subcontinent.

Alteration of the Political System in India

After the year 1857, the decline of the Mughal Empire and the establishment of the British Raj reshaped the socio-political landscape of India. This marked the end of a significant chapter in the history of the region.

The Secret Business Model of Tesla

Unprecedented valuation: Tesla’s astounding rise to the top of the industry

The fact that Tesla’s market capitalization has surpassed one trillion dollars highlights this remarkable accomplishment. Tesla is currently the most valuable automobile company in the world in the contemporary market. Considering that its value is higher than that of the next ten leading automobile manufacturers combined, it is clear that Tesla has achieved an unrivalled position in the industry.

Bringing to light the mystery that is the Musk Factor

Tesla’s meteoric rise can be attributed to the mystique that surrounds Elon Musk, whose visionary strategies have propelled the company’s value to heights that have never been seen before. The value of Tesla has increased significantly as a direct result of Musk’s innovative approach and strategic acumen.

Scale of Tesla’s Operations Sales Figures versus Valuation

Contrary to what most people believe, Tesla’s sales figures do not entirely correspond with its valuation, despite the fact that the company is extremely valuable. In spite of the fact that its sales volume has demonstrated significant growth, the projected sales for 2021 amount to less than one million units, which would correspond to a market share of only 1.2% worldwide.

Profit Margins: Revealing the Dynamics of the Financial System

The majority of Tesla’s revenue comes from the sale of automobiles, and the company’s four most popular models—the Model S, Model 3, Model X, and Model Y—offer a range of prices. Remarkably, Tesla has surpassed even well-known luxury brands such as BMW and Mercedes with its remarkable profit margin of 30.5%. This represents a significant increase from the company’s historical average profit margin.

Many Different Sources of Income

Sources of Revenue Other Than Automobile Sales

Tesla’s revenue is diversified through three main streams: automotive sales, regulatory credit sales, service revenue, and an energy business that includes Solar Roof and Power Wall products. Although vehicle sales continue to be the primary source of revenue, Tesla diversifies its income through these three main streams.

Increasing the Number of Products Available in the Future

Tesla has ambitious plans that include the launch of an electric truck called Cybertruck as well as a forthcoming car model that is affordable and is expected to cost approximately $25,000. The goal of these plans is to penetrate the middle-class segment of the market.

Conducting an Analysis of Tesla’s Financials,

Revenue Growth and Projections

In 2020, the company’s revenue reached a staggering $32 billion, and it is anticipated that it will reach $45 billion in 2021. However, a significant 80 percent of this revenue comes from the sale of vehicles, and the company is making slow progress towards reaching levels that are comparable to those of established automobile manufacturers.

Financial Investment in Research and Development

The substantial amount of money that Tesla invests in research and development is evidence of the company’s dedication to the development of new technologies. Despite the fact that it has been profitable since the year 2020, large amounts of money were spent on research and development in the years prior to that.

Characteristics that are Exclusive to Tesla That Define Its Success Advertising Strategy: Influence exerted by Elon Musk

In contrast to traditional advertising methods, Tesla’s marketing expenses amount to zero. This is because the company capitalises on Elon Musk’s public persona and product innovation, which exemplifies the power of word-of-mouth marketing.

In addition to Gigafactories, the Direct Sales Model

Tesla’s direct sales approach eliminates the need for intermediaries, which results in increased control but also results in additional expenses. For the purpose of achieving economies of scale and ensuring cost efficiency in the production of batteries, the establishment of gigafactories is a sign of this quest.

A Pioneering Example of Electric Cars and Other Technological Advancements

The revolutionary self-driving technology and safety features designed by Tesla, in conjunction with the company’s success in making electric vehicles more widely available, solidify Tesla’s position as a pioneer in the industry.

A Discussion on the Valuation of Tesla: Is It Excessively High?

New Challenges: Potential Dangers to Tesla’s Dominance in the Industry

In the realm of electric vehicles, the increasing market penetration of competing automobile manufacturers presents a potential threat to Tesla’s market share, which in turn challenges the company’s prospects for future commercial expansion.

Dependence on Regulatory Credits: An Essential Source of Revenue Acquisition

There is a significant relationship between the sale of regulatory credits and Tesla’s profitability. As a result of competitors increasing their production of electric vehicles, industry experts anticipate that this revenue stream may experience a potentially negative decline.

Forecasting the Future: Keeping an Eye on Tesla’s Destiny Diverse Portfolios and Investment Considerations

Although it is a popular choice, investing in Tesla requires a cautious approach, and it is recommended that investors diversify their holdings in order to reduce the risks that are associated with single-stock investments.

Observations and Conclusions: Looking Forward to Tesla’s Development

Contemplation on Tesla’s long-term viability is prompted by the apparent contradiction that surrounds the company’s valuation. The trajectory of the company’s success continues to be a subject of anticipation and scrutiny as the company navigates through the dynamics of the industry.

جب سات سال پہلے دفن کیا ہوا بھٹو واپس ضیاءالحق کے سامنے کرہا ہوا، جب نواز شریف نے بینظر کی ننگی تصویر پھینکنا شروغ کی، ایک ملّت کی غمگین کہانی حصّہ آٹھ

بینظیر کی واپسی

یہ اپریل انیس سو چھیاسی میں بہار کے دن ہیں-اور تین سال سے جلاوطن بھٹو کی تیتیس سالہ بیٹی نے سیاست میں واپسی کا اِعلان کر دیا ہے- انھوں نے پاکستان آنے کے لیے دس اپریل 1986 کی تاریخ بھی دے دی ہے-اس اعلان کے بعد سے طاقت کے ایوانوں میں ایک زبردست بحث چل نکلی ہے-کیا بینظیر کو واپس آنے دیا جائے یا ان کو روکنے کی کوشش کی جائے؟
اس بحث میں وزیراعظم جونیجو نے ضیاالحق کوقائل کر لیا کہ بےنظیر کے استقبال کو نہ روکا جائے- کیونکہ انھیں روکنے سے عالمی سطح پر یہ تاثر جائے گا کہ پاکستان میں سیاسی سرگرمیوں پر پابندی ہے- بینظیر کے استقبال کو نہ روکنے کی ایک وجہ یہ بھی تھی کہ وہ بھٹو کی پھانسی کے سات سال بعد پیپلزپارٹی کی حقیقی مقبولیت کا ادراک کرنا چاہتے تھے۔پھر دس اپریل انیس سو چھیاسی کا دن آیا-بنظیر بھٹو بھٹو لاہور ائرپورٹ پر اتریں تو ہوائی اڈے کے گرداگرد لاکھوں افراد جمع تھے-لاہور شہر نے اتنا بڑا سیاسی جلوس اس سے پہلے نہیں دیکھا تھا-لوگوں کے ہاتھوں میں پاکستان اور پیپلزپارٹی کے جھنڈے تھے اور ہر طرف ایک ہی ترانہ گونج رہا ہے-’’ائیر پورٹ پر اس وقت یہ حالت تھی جب ہم بے نظیر کی آمد سے کئی گھنٹے قبل پہنچے تھے‘‘
’’اس وقت لوگ بستر لیکر ائیر پورٹ کے ارد گردلیٹے ہوئے تھے، یعنی لوگ رات کو ہی آگئے تھے‘‘

عوام نے بینظیر کا استقبال کیسے کیا

بینظیر بھٹو کا جلوس لاہور ائرپورٹ سے مال روڈ، مال روڈ سے داتا دربار اور داتا دربار سے ہوتا ہوا مینار پاکستان پہنچا تو دوپہر ڈھل رہی تھی-وہ بھٹو جسے ضیا الحق سات سال پہلے دفن کر چکے تھے مینارِ پاکستان پر پورے قد سے کھڑا تھا اور آج وہ تنہا نہیں تھا-اس کے سامنے انسانوں کا سمندر تھا-اس سمندر میں پیپلزپارٹی کے مخالفین کو اپنا مستقبل ڈوبتا نظر آ رہا تھا
بینظیر بھٹوبھٹو کا ایسا شاندار استقبال سرکاری اندازوں کے بالکل خِلاف تھا- بینظیرکو بھی تاریخی استقبال سے بہت خوش تھیں لیکن اصل میں ان کے لیے مشکلات کی ابتدا بھی یہی تھی- کیونکہ اسٹیبلشمنٹ نے اُن کے بڑھتے قدم روکنے کا فیصلہ کر لیا گیا تھا-بینظیر بھٹو بھٹو کو روکنے کیلئے جو اقدامات کیے گئے ان میں سب سے پہلے تو کردار کُشی کی مہم شروع کی گئی
ان کے سکینڈلز بنائے گئے-لاہور میں اپنے استقبال کے بعد بینظیر بھٹوپارٹی رہنما فیصل صالح حیات کے گھر میں ٹھہری تھیں
اس لئے فیصل صالح حیات کے ساتھ بھی ان کا سکینڈل بنا دیا گیا-ان حالات میں بینظیر بھٹوکی والدہ نے وہی کیا جو ہمارے معاشرے میں مائیں کرتی ہیں-انھوں نے بینظیر بھٹو کی شادی کا فیصلہ کر لیا-اس دور میں کئی لوگ بھٹو خاندان کا داماد بننے کے خواب دیکھ رہے تھے-بینظیر بھٹوکو فیصل صالح حیات سے شادی کا بھی مشورہ دیا گیا لیکن یہ بیل بھی مُنڈھے نہ چڑھی
عابدہ حسین لکھتی ہیں کہ فیصل صالح حیات کم پڑھے لکھے اور بور قسم کے آدمی تھے اس لئے یہ معاملہ آگے نہیں بڑھا

بینظیر نے زرداری سے کیسے شادی کی

اس دوران نواب شاہ کے زمیندار گھرانے سے ایک رشتہ آیا-آصف زرداری کی والدہ ٹمی بخاری اپنے بیٹے کا رشتہ لے کر نصرت بھٹو کے پاس آئیں-آصف زرداری کا سیاسی پس منظر نہیں تھا بلکہ نواب شاہ میں کچھ سال پہلے ض کونسل کا الیکشن تک ہار گئے تھے- البتہ ان کا پراپرٹی بزنس دن دگنی رات چوگنی ترقی کر رہا تھا-نصرت بھٹو کو یہ رشتہ پسند آیا اور اٹھارہ دسمبر انیس سو ستاسی کو لیاری کے ککری گراؤنڈ میں دونوں کی شادی ہو گئی-لیکن شادی سے بھی بینظیر بھٹوکی مشکلات کم نہیں ہوئیں
ان کے مخالفین ان کی چھوٹی سے چھوٹی کمزوری سے بھی فائدہ اٹھانا چاہتے تھے-اس لئے بینظیر بھٹوہر قدم پھونک پھونک کررکھ رہی تھیں- یہی وجہ ہے کہ انہوں نے اپنے امید سے ہونے کی بات بھی میڈیا سے چھپا لی لیکن جنرل ضیا کویہ خبر ہر صورت میں چاہیے تھی-کیونکہ ان کے لیے اس کی ایک اہم سیاسی وجہ تھی-انیس سو اٹھاسی میں جب جنرل ضیا نے جونیجو حکومت کو برطرف کیا توانہوں نے الیکشن کی تاریخ کا اعلان نہیں کیا-کیونکہ انہیں انٹیلی جنس رپورٹ مل چکی تھی کہ بینظیر بھٹوامید سے ہیں-لہٰذا وہ اگلے انتخابات کی تاریخ ایسی رکھنا چاہتے تھے جس میں بینظیر بھٹو زچگی کے قریب ہوں اور انتخابی مہم نہ چلا سکیں-انٹیلی جنس کو یہ ذمہ داری بھی سونپی گئی تھی کہ قریب قریب درست تاریخ کا پتہ لگائیں-بینظیر بھٹوبھی اس شرارت کو سمجھ چکی تھیں اس لیے ڈھیلے ڈھالے لباس پہنتی تھیں تاکہ انہیں دیکھنے والے کوئی اندازہ نہ لگا سکیں-

بینظیر بھٹونے مشہور کر دیا کہ وہ نومبر میں ماں بننے والی ہیں-یہی خبر جولائی میں جنرل ضیا تک بھی پہنچی، حالانکہ وہ 30مئی کو 90دن یعنی 30 اگست تک الیکشن کا اعلان کر چکے تھے-اب انہیں اپنے منصوبے کے تحت تاریخ بدلنا پڑی-انہوں نے 20 جولائی کو نیا اعلان کیا-اور بے نظیر کی زچگی کے مہینے یعنی نومبر میں انتخابات کا وعدہ کیا-تاریخ کی یہ عجیب و غریب جاسوسی جاری تھی کہ جنرل ضیا الحق کا طیارہ ہوا میں پھٹ گیا اور وہ جاں بحق ہو گئے-ضیاالحق کے آخری تین دن کی کہانی ہم آپ کو پچھلی قسط میں سنا چکے ہیں-پاکستان میں گیارہ سال سے سیاہ و سفید کے مالک جنرل ضیا کی موت کے ساتھ ہی پاکستان میں طاقت کا خلا پیدا ہوگیا۔اس خلا کو تین افراد نے پر کیا-جنہیں عرف عام میں سٹریٹیجک ٹرائی اینگل کہا جاتا ہے-طاقت کی اس تکون میں صدر غلام اسحق خان، آرمی چیف جنرل مرزا اسلم بیگ اور آئی ایس آئی چیف جنرل حمید گل شامل تھے-صدرپاکستان غلام اسحق خان نے بھی نومبر میں انتخابات کی تاریخ کو برقرار رکھا-کیونکہ انہیں بھی بے نظیر کے بارے میں نومبر ہی کی اطلاع ملی تھی، لیکن یہ اطلاع غلط تھی-بے نظیر کی حکمت عملی کام کر گئی بلاول انتخابات سے دو ماہ پہلے اکیس ستمبر انیس سو اٹھاسی کو پیدا ہوئے اور بینظیر بھٹو کو انتخابی مہم چلانے کا پورا موقع مل گی

نواز شریف بمقابلہ بینظیر

سقوط ڈھاکہ کے بعد 1988کا الیکشن پہلا بڑا سیاسی معرکہ تھا-جس میں جماعتی بنیادوں پر الیکش ہو رہے تھے-

کیونکہ 1985کے انتخابات غیر جماعتی بنیادوں پر آزاد امیدواروں نے لڑے تھے-اور پیپلز پارٹی نے ان انتخابات کا بائیکاٹ ک تھا-نومبر میں ووٹنگ کا اعلان ہو چکا تھا-اور مقابلہ بہت سادہ تھا-یا آپ بھٹو کے ساتھ ہیں یا بھٹو کے خلاف بے نظیر کی عوامی مقبولیت کو دیکھتے ہوئے یہ صاف نظر آ رہا تھاکہ شاید وہ الیکشن میں کلین سویپ کریں گی-لیکن ان کے مخالفین انہیں کسی بھی صورت کھلی چھوٹ دینے پر تیار نہیں تھے۔سٹریٹیجک ٹرائی اینگل بھی اپنے جوہر دکھا رہی تھی-ٹرائی اینگل کا تیسرا سرا یعنی جنرل حمید گل سب سے زیادہ متحرک تھے-انھوں نےبے ن-یر کے خلاف نو سیاسی جماعتوں کا اسلامی جمہوری اتحاد یعنی آئی جے آئی راتوں رات کھڑا کر دیا-اس حقیقت کا اعتراف جنرل حمید گل اپنے کئی انٹرویوز میں کھل کر کر چکے ہیں-کاشف عباسی: لیکن آپ نے جنرل صاحب ان کو پہلی ملاقات میں کہا تھا کہ میں نے آپ کے خلاف آئی جے آئی بنائی تھی
حمید گل: میں نے آپ کے خلاف نہیں کہا تھا، میں نے آئی جے آئی بنائی تھی ورنہ ہم الیکشن تک پہنچ نہیں سکتے تھے
یہ میں نے بتایا، انہوں نے کہا کہ جنرل صاحب آئی انڈر سٹینڈ-نوازشریف کی جماعت جو اس وقت مسلم لیگ کہلاتی تھی اس اتحاد کا سب سے بڑا حصہ تھی-اس کے علاوہ نیشنل پیپلز پارٹی اور جماعت اسلامی بھی آئی جے آئی کا حصہ تھی-پیپلزپارٹی کے بانی رکن اور بینظیر کے انکل غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی کو آئی جے آئی کا سربراہ مقرر کر کے بینظیر کے مقابلے پر کھڑا کر دیا گیا-اس اتحاد کے سربراہ تو غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی تھے لیکن آئی جے آئی کا عوامی چہرہ نوازشریف تھے–ن کی تصویر کے ساتھ اخبارت کے فرنٹ پیجز پر بڑے بڑے اشتہارات چھپتے-. جن میں بینظیر کو دشمن اور یہودی لابی کا ایجنٹ لکھا جاتا-عوام سے مخاطب ہو کر کہا جاتا کہ آپ کا مقابلہ آپ کے دشمن سے ہے-ا. خبارات کی وہ خبریں جن میں بینظیر اور نصرت بھٹو پاکستانی ایٹمی پروگرام کی حمایت نہیں کر رہیں بطور اشتہار چھاپی جاتیں-یہ تک خبریں چھپیں کہ پیپلزپارٹی امریکہ میں لابنگ کر رہی ہے کہ پاکستان کو ایف سکسٹین طیارے نہ دئیے جائیں-ایسی خبروں کے تراشے روز اخبارات میں بطور اشتہار چھاپے جاتے-اور بتایا جاتا کہ پیپلزپارٹی کو ووٹ دینے کا مطلب پاکستان کے دفاع پر سمجھوتا کرنا ہے-سڑکوں چوراہوں پر آئی جے آئی کے نو ستاروں والے جھنڈے کے ساتھ یہ نعرہ بھی درج ہوتا-نو ستارے بھائی بھائی ۔۔۔ بینظیر بھٹو کی شامت آئی -آئی جے آئی کا انتخابی نشان سائیکل تھا.-

جماعت اسلامی کے امیر قاضی حسین احمد مختلف شہروں میں سائیکل پر نو ستاروں کا جھنڈا لگا کر انتخابی مہم چلایا کرتے تھے-مخالفین بینظیر بھٹو کو عوام کی نظروں سے گرانے کیلئے اس حد تک چلے گئے کہ بینظیرکی نیم برہنہ تصاویرہیلی کاپٹروں کے ذریعے شہروں اور قصبوں میں گرائی گئیں-انہیں ماڈرن، مغرب زدہ اور امریکہ اور بھارت کی ایجنٹ تک قرار دیا جا رہا تھا-بینظیر بھٹو بھی اپنے جلسوں میں اسلامی جمہوری اتحاد کو اڑے ہاتھوں لیتیں-انھوں نے الزام لگایا کہ ہیروئن اور منشیات کی کمائی سے ان کے خلاف انتخابی مہم چلائی جا رہی ہے-انھوں نے ایسے اشتہار چھپوائے جن میں نوازشریف یا قاضی حسین احمد کو نہیں بلکہ ضیاالحق کو نشانہ بنایا جاتا-ضیا الحق کو پاکستان کے ایٹمی راز بھارت کو دینے کا ذمہ دار قرار دیا جاتا-پیپلزپارٹی آمریت اور اس کے ساتھیوں کے خلاف اپنے انتخابی نشان تیر کو کئی معنوں میں استعمال کر رہی تھی-جواب میں آئی جے آئی بھی ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کے دور میں ہونے والے ظلم اور زیادتیوں کی تصاویر اخبارات میں چھپواتی-ان اشتہاروں میں بھٹو کے پاکستان توڑنے کی طرف اشارہ ہوتا-اور یہ دکھایا جاتا کہ بھٹو سیاستدان کے پردے میں ایک سخت گیر ڈکٹیٹر تھے-وہ اخبارات جرائد دکھائے جاتے جو بھٹو نے زبردستی بند کروائے تھے-اور وہ لوگ دکھائے جاتے جن پر بھٹو نے تشدد کروایا تھا-گو کہ دنیا میں ضیاالحق موجود تھے نہ ذوالفقار علی بھٹو، لیکن انتخابی مہم میں یہ دونوں پوری آب و تاب سے زندہ تھے-یہ ایک انتخابی جنگ تھی اور شاید دونوں اس پرانے فارمولے پر چل رہے تھے کہ جنگ اور محبت میں سب کچھ جائز ہے-سولہ نومبر کوقومی اسمبلی کی دو سو سینتیس میں سے دو سو سات نشستوں کے لیے ووٹنگ ہوئی-کامیابی کے لیے کسی بھی جماعت کو ایک سو چار نشستیں درکار تھیں-ایک دن پہلے گیلپ سروے چھپ چکا تھا-جس میں انتہائی جدید اور سائنسی سروے کا دعویٰ کرتے ہوئے بتایا گیا کہ انتخابات میں پیپلزپارٹی اور آئی جے آئی میں مقابلہ برابر کا ہے-لیکن جب نتیجہ آیا تو پیپلزپارٹی، آئی جے آئی سے کہیں آگے تھی-

الیکشن کی نتائج

پیپلز پارٹی نے بانوے جبکہ اسلامی جمہوری اتحاد نے چوون نشستیں حاصل کی تھیں-بعد میں آزاد امیدواروں کی شمولیت سے پیپلزپارٹی کو ایک سو پندرہ امیدواروں کی حمایت مل گئی-س الیکشن کی دلچسپ بات یہ تھی کہ آئی جے آئی کے سربراہ غلام مصطفیٰ جتوئی ہار گئے-پیرپگارا جنھیں حکومت کی بھرپور مدد حاصل تھی وہ بھی ہار گئے-آج آپ سیاست میں خلائی مخلوق کی آوازیں سنتے ہیں-’’ہمارا مقابلہ تو ایک خلائی مخلوق کے ساتھ ہے‘‘-

بالکل اسی طرح اس وقت بھی ہارنے والے اسی قسم کی باتیں کرتے تھے-پیر پگارا نے کہا کہ انھیں ہرانے کیلئے خفیہ ہاتھ استعمال ہوا ہے-سابق وزیراعظم جونیجو بھی اپنی شکست پر انگلی منہ میں دبائے کچھ ایسی ہی بات کہہ رہے تھے-پرانے سیاسی جگادری ہار گئے لیکن بھٹو اور ضیا کے جواں سال سیاسی وارث جیت گئے-اب وہی دونوں میدان میں آمنے سامنے کھڑے تھے-اور پاکستان میں ایک نئے دور کا آغاز ہو رہا تھا-لیکن ابھی انتخابی جنگ ختم نہیں ہوئی تھی-ان دنوں قومی اور صوبائی اسمبلی کے انتخابات ایک ہی دن نہیں ہوتے تھے-بلکہ پہلے قومی اسمبلی اور اس کے تین دن بعد صوبائی اسمبلیوں کے لیے ووٹنگ ہوتی تھی-اس لیے قومی اسمبلی میں شکست کے بعد آئی جے آئی کو صوبائی انتخابت میں بھی ہارنے کا دھڑکا لگ گیا۔اس دوران روزنامہ مشرق اور نوائے وقت میں بینظیر بھٹو کا یہ بیان سامنے آیا کہ وہ کسی پنجابی کو اپنا لیڈر کیسے مان لیں؟
آئی جے آئی نے اسے ہاتھوں ہاتھ لیا اور رات بھر میں پنجاب کی دیواروں پر یہ نعرہ لکھ دیا گیا۔۔۔
’’جاگ پنجابی جاگ تیری پگ نوں لگ گیا داغ‘‘-مساجد میں لائوڈ سپیکر پر ینظیر بھٹوکے خلاف اعلانات بھی کروائے گئے-پنجاب کے عوام کو پیپلز پارٹی کے خلاف بھڑکانے کی کوشش کی گئی اور اس مہم کا پیپلزپارٹی کو نقصان بھی ہوا-جب نتیجہ آیا تو پنجاب سے 88نشستیں پیپلز پارٹی نے اور اکیانوے آئی جے آئی نے حاصل کیں-نوازشریف آزاد امیدواروں کو ساتھ ملا کر وزیراعلیٰ پنجاب بن گئے-خیبر پختونخوا یعنی صوبہ سرحد اور بلوچستان میں بھی آئی جے آئی جیت گئی-سندھیوں کے لیے ایسے اشتہارات چھاپے گئے تھے جن میں لکھا جاتا کہ سندھ کو ایک جماعتی آمریت سے بچانے کیلئے آئی جے آئی کے نشان سائیکل پر مہر لگائیں-لیکن یہ مہم کسی کام نہ آئی-اورپیپلزپارٹی جیت گئی اور بوجھئیے کہ سندھ کے وزیراعلیٰ کون بنے ?
قائم علی شاہ دو دسمبر انیس سو اٹھاسی کو بینظیر بھٹونے وزارت عظمی کا حلف اٹھایا تو وہ پاکستان اور عالم اسلامکی پہلی خاتون وزیراعظم بن گئیں-؟

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